To inspect an image, use the command "image inspect" (the Linux jq command pretty-prints the json output):
$ docker image inspect hello-world:latest | jq '.' [ { "Id": "sha256:bf756fb1ae65adf866bd8c456593cd24beb6a0a061dedf42b26a993176745f6b", "RepoTags": [ "hello-world:latest" ], "RepoDigests": [ "hello-world@sha256:49a1c8800c94df04e9658809b006fd8a686cab8028d33cfba2cc049724254202" ], "Parent": "", "Comment": "", "Created": "2020-01-03T01:21:37.263809283Z", "Container": "71237a2659e6419aee44fc0b51ffbd12859d1a50ba202e02c2586ed999def583", "ContainerConfig": { "Hostname": "71237a2659e6", "Domainname": "", "User": "", "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": false, "AttachStderr": false, "Tty": false, "OpenStdin": false, "StdinOnce": false, "Env": [ "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" ], "Cmd": [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "#(nop) ", "CMD [\"/hello\"]" ], "ArgsEscaped": true, "Image": "sha256:eb850c6a1aedb3d5c62c3a484ff01b6b4aade130b950e3bf3e9c016f17f70c34", "Volumes": null, "WorkingDir": "", "Entrypoint": null, "OnBuild": null, "Labels": {} }, "DockerVersion": "18.06.1-ce", "Author": "", "Config": { "Hostname": "", "Domainname": "", "User": "", "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": false, "AttachStderr": false, "Tty": false, "OpenStdin": false, "StdinOnce": false, "Env": [ "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" ], "Cmd": [ "/hello" ], "ArgsEscaped": true, "Image": "sha256:eb850c6a1aedb3d5c62c3a484ff01b6b4aade130b950e3bf3e9c016f17f70c34", "Volumes": null, "WorkingDir": "", "Entrypoint": null, "OnBuild": null, "Labels": null }, "Architecture": "amd64", "Os": "linux", "Size": 13336, "VirtualSize": 13336, "GraphDriver": { "Data": { "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0217d9fbfbd6fa9211ce017c01fa45e1c4acba6ed88be794089457f0f2679eb6/merged", "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0217d9fbfbd6fa9211ce017c01fa45e1c4acba6ed88be794089457f0f2679eb6/diff", "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0217d9fbfbd6fa9211ce017c01fa45e1c4acba6ed88be794089457f0f2679eb6/work" }, "Name": "overlay2" }, "RootFS": { "Type": "layers", "Layers": [ "sha256:9c27e219663c25e0f28493790cc0b88bc973ba3b1686355f221c38a36978ac63" ] }, "Metadata": { "LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z" } } ]
You can look at the "GraphDriver.Data" element in the json output and use the data directories to list the contents of the image:
$ sudo ls -al /var/lib/docker/overlay2/0217d9fbfbd6fa9211ce017c01fa45e1c4acba6ed88be794089457f0f2679eb6/diff -rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 13336 Jan 2 2020 hello
The "RootFS.Layers" element list the image layers:
$ docker inspect hello-world:latest --format '{{json .RootFS.Layers }}' ["sha256:9c27e219663c25e0f28493790cc0b88bc973ba3b1686355f221c38a36978ac63"]

Let's have a look at the image history:
$ docker history alpine:3.13 --no-trunc IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT sha256:6dbb9cc54074106d46d4ccb330f2a40a682d49dda5f4844962b7dce9fe44aaec 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["/bin/sh"] 0B <missing> 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:8ec69d882e7f29f0652d537557160e638168550f738d0d49f90a7ef96bf31787 in / 5.61MB
The alpine docker image contains only the layers of the base image (alpine) and the layer of the COPY instruction.