Please see these pages for more information:
Docker CLI: docker run (run a command in a new container)
https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/

The 'docker run' command has the following syntax:
$ docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
The command 'docker run', first create the container and then start it.

Let's run the nginx image:
$ docker run -d nginx:1.19.1 02404a9bc24bc3f7222035a9b7eaa698557bb53f660222858c7f590556762730
The option '-d' (--detach) run the container in background and print container ID.

Let's verify that nginx is up and running:
$ docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 02404a9bc24b nginx:1.19.1 "/docker-entrypoint.…" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes 80/tcp vibrant_mose
You can notice that the container's port (80) is not published to the Docker's host.
To publish an exposed container's port and map it to a host's port, you can use the option '-p HOST_PORT:CONTAINER_PORT'.
You can also use the option '-P' to publish all exposed ports to random ports in the Docker's host.

The second thing to notice is the name of the container (vibrant_mose) which is a random name generated by Docker.
To give a custom name to the container, you can use the option '--name'.

Let's use the two options ('-P', '--name') and run again the nginx image:
$ docker run -d -p 8080:80 --name "nginx-1.19.1" nginx:1.19.1 9fbfa15209c6de85b955b75531e9a464d123ea0a39d95799e9817b9880b4b240
Let's verify that both the specified port and the name were used:
$ docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9fbfa15209c6 nginx:1.19.1 "/docker-entrypoint.…" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes 0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp nginx-1.19.1
You can use the option '--no-trunc' of the 'ps' command to print the full container ID and the command used to start the nginx process.
$ docker ps --no-trunc CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND PORTS NAMES 9fbfa15209c6de85b955b75531e9a464d123ea0a39d95799e9817b9880b4b240 nginx:1.19.1 "/docker-entrypoint.sh nginx -g 'daemon off;'" 0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp nginx-1.19.1
Let's access nginx at the published port 8080:

The "docker run" command has two options that allow you to set environment variables for your containers:
-e, --env NAME=VALUE Set environment variables --env-file file Read in a file of environment variables
Let's try the option "-e" ("--env"):
$ docker run -e my_env_var_1="my env var 1 value" -e my_env_var_2="my env var 2 value" ubuntu:latest /bin/bash -c "env | grep my_env_var_" my_env_var_1=my env var 1 value my_env_var_2=my env var 2 value
As you can see, the two environment variables were set properly. Applications running inside the container can use them as they would in regular deployment in a native host.

In some cases, setting environment variables using the option "-e" can be cumbersome especially if we want to set many of them. Optionally, you can group all the environment variables in a property file and use the option "--env-file" to pass the file to "docker run" command.

Let's create a property file:
$ vi env-file-1 my_env_var_1=my env var 1 value my_env_var_2=my env var 2 value my_env_var_3=my env var 3 value
Let's use the option "--env-file":
$ docker run --env-file env-file-1 ubuntu:latest /bin/bash -c "env | grep my_env_var_" my_env_var_1=my env var 1 value my_env_var_2=my env var 2 value my_env_var_3=my env var 3 value