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Python | Built-in Functions
  1. Notes
  2. String and Character Functions
  3. Type Conversion Functions
  4. Mathematical Functions
  5. Sequence and Iteration Functions
  6. Functional Programming
  7. Object Inspection and Manipulation
  8. Advanced Functions
  9. I/O and System Functions

  1. Notes
    You should avoid using the following function names in your code, either as variable names or as function names.

    See this page for more details: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html.
  2. String and Character Functions
    • ord(): Unicode code point of character (ord('A') --> 65)

    • chr(): Character from Unicode code (chr(65) --> 'A')

    • ascii(): ASCII representation (ascii('cafĂ©') --> 'caf\xe9')

    • repr(): Printable representation of an object (repr(f'hello: {var}'))

    • format(): Format value (format(3.14159, '.2f') --> '3.14')
  3. Type Conversion Functions
    • bool(): Convert to boolean (bool(1) --> True)

    • int(): Convert to integer (int("42") --> 42)

    • float(): Convert to float (float("3.14") --> 3.14)

    • str(): Convert to string (str(42) --> "42")

    • list(): Convert to list (list("abc") --> ['a', 'b', 'c'])

    • set(): Convert to set (set([1, 1, 2]) --> {1, 2})

    • tuple(): Convert to tuple (tuple([1, 2, 3]) --> (1, 2, 3))

    • dict(): Create dictionary (dict(a=1, b=2) --> {'a': 1, 'b': 2})

    • bytes(): Create bytes object (bytes("hello", "utf-8") --> b'hello')

    • bytearray(): Create mutable bytes (bytearray(b"hello") --> bytearray(b'hello'))

    • complex(): Create complex number (complex(1, 2) --> (1+2j))

    • bin(): Convert an integer number to a binary string prefixed with "0b" (bin(1) --> 0b1)

    • oct(): Convert an integer number to an octal string prefixed with "0o" (oct(1) --> 0o1)

    • hex(): Convert an integer number to a lowercase hexadecimal string prefixed with "0x" (hex(1) --> 0x1)
  4. Mathematical Functions
    • sum(): Sum of iterable (sum([1, 2, 3]) --> 6)

    • pow(): Power function (pow(2, 3) --> 8)

    • divmod(): Division and modulus (divmod(10, 3) --> (3, 1))

    • min(): Minimum value (min([1, 2, 3]) --> 1)

    • max(): Maximum value (max([1, 2, 3]) --> 3)

    • abs(): Absolute value (abs(-1) --> 1)

    • round(): Round to n digits (round(3.14159, 2) --> 3.14)
  5. Sequence and Iteration Functions
    • len(): Length of object (len([1, 2, 3]) --> 3)

    • range(): Generate number sequence (list(range(5)) --> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4])

    • enumerate(): Add index to iterable (list(enumerate(['a', 'b'])) --> [(0, 'a'), (1, 'b')])

    • sorted(): Sort iterable (sorted([3, 1, 2]) --> [1, 2, 3])

    • reversed(): Reverse iterator (list(reversed([1, 2, 3])) --> [3, 2, 1])

    • zip(): Combine iterables (list(zip([1, 2], ['a', 'b'])) --> [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')])

    • slice(): Create slice object (slice(1, 5, 2): start=1, stop=5, step=2 | same as my_array[1:5:2])

    • aiter(): Returns an async iterator from an async iterable --> (aiter(async_iterator()))

    • anext(): Gets next item from async iterator --> (anext(async_iterator()))

    • frozenset(): Creates an immutable set --> (frozenset([1, 2, 3, 2]))
  6. Functional Programming
    • map(): Apply function to iterable (list(map(str.upper, ['a', 'b'])) --> ['A', 'B'])

    • filter(): Filter iterable (list(filter(lambda x: x > 0, [-1, 0, 1, 2])) --> [1, 2])

    • all(): True if all elements are true (all([True, True, False]) --> False)

    • any(): True if any element is true (any([False, False, True]) --> True)

    • iter(): Create iterator (iter([1, 2, 3]))

    • next(): Get next item from iterator (next(iter([1, 2, 3])) --> 1)
  7. Object Inspection and Manipulation
    • type(): Get object type (type(42) --> <class 'int'>)

    • isinstance(): Check instance type (isinstance(42, int) --> True)

    • issubclass(): Check subclass relationship (issubclass(bool, int) --> True)

    • id(): Object identity (id(obj))

    • dir(): List object attributes (dir(str))

    • hasattr(): Check if object has attribute (hasattr('hello', 'upper') --> True)

    • setattr(): Set attribute value (setattr(obj, 'name', 'value'))

    • getattr(): Get attribute value (getattr('hello', 'upper')() --> 'HELLO')

    • delattr(): Delete attribute (delattr(obj, 'name'))

    • vars(): Returns __dict__ attribute of an object --> (vars(obj))

    • callable(): Check if object is callable (callable(print) --> True)
  8. Advanced Functions
    • eval(): Evaluate expression (eval('2 + 3') --> 5)

    • exec(): Execute code (exec('x = 5'))

    • compile(): Compile source to code object (compile('x=1', '<string>', 'exec'))

    • globals(): Global namespace as a dictionary (globals() --> {'g1': 1, 'g2': 2})

    • locals(): Local namespace as a dictionary (locals() --> {'l1': 1, 'l2': 2})

    • hash(): Hash value of object (hash('hello'))

    • memoryview(): Memory view object (memoryview(b'hello'))

    • object(): Base object (object())

    • property(): Create property attribute (@property)

    • staticmethod(): Static method decorator (@staticmethod)

    • classmethod(): Class method decorator (@classmethod)

    • super(): Access parent class (super().__init__())
  9. I/O and System Functions
    • print(): Print to stdout (print("Hello", "World"))

    • input(): Read from stdin (name = input("Enter name: "))

    • open(): Open file (open('file.txt', 'r'))

    • help(): Interactive help (help(print))

    • breakpoint(): Debugger breakpoint (breakpoint())

    • __import__(): Dynamic import (__import__('math'))
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