# import Path class
from pathlib import Path

# create path object - the path can be relative or absolute
path = Path('data/file.txt')

try:
  # create parent directory if it doesn't exist
  path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

  # write content to file (create/overwrite)
  path.write_text('Hello Python', encoding='utf-8')

  # append content to file
  with path.open('a', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write("\n!")

  # read content from file
  text = path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')

  print(text)
except FileNotFoundError:
  print("File not found")
except PermissionError:
  print("Permission denied")
except Exception as e:
  print(f"An error occurred: {e}")

Output:

Hello Python
!

from pathlib import Path

path = Path('data/file.txt')

# check if file exists
if path.exists():
  print(f'the file \'{path}\' exists')
else:
  print(f'the file \'{path}\' doesn\'t exists')

Output:

the file 'data/file.txt' exists

from pathlib import Path

path = Path('data/file.txt')

print(f'is file: {path.is_file()}')
print(f'is directory : {path.is_dir()}')
print(f'file info: {path.stat()}')

Output:

is file: True
is directory : False
file info: os.stat_result(st_mode=33204, st_ino=17898, st_dev=2080, st_nlink=1, st_uid=1000, st_gid=1000, st_size=14, st_atime=1748889846, st_mtime=1748889817, st_ctime=1748889817)

from pathlib import Path

path = Path('data/file.bin')

path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

# write binary data to file (create/overwrite)
path.write_bytes('Hello Python'.encode('utf-8'))

# read binary data from file
data = path.read_bytes()

print(data.decode('utf-8'))

Output:

Hello Python

Writing/reading to/from a json file:

from pathlib import Path

# import json module
import json

# data
x = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
y = { 'a': 11, 'b': 22 }
z = [x, y] # list of dictionaries
w = { 'r': x, 's': y, 't': z } # dictionary of list, set, and dictionaries

path = Path('data/file.json')

# write JSON to file
path.write_text(json.dumps(w, indent=2), encoding='utf-8')

# read JSON file
text_indented = path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')

print(text_indented)

text_json = json.loads(path.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))

print(list(text_json.keys())) # Output: ['r', 's', 't']

print(text_json['t'][0]['b']) # Output: 2

Output:

{
  "r": {
    "a": 1,
    "b": 2
  },
  "s": {
    "a": 11,
    "b": 22
  },
  "t": [
    {
      "a": 1,
      "b": 2
    },
    {
      "a": 11,
      "b": 22
    }
  ]
}
['r', 's', 't']
2

from pathlib import Path

# import csv module
import csv

data = [
  ['name', 'score'],
  ['a', 10],
  ['b', 15]
]

path = Path('data/file.csv')

# write CSV
with path.open('w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    writer = csv.writer(f)
    writer.writerows(data)

# read CSV
with path.open('r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
  reader = csv.reader(f)
  # read headers
  headers = next(reader)
  print(f"headers: {headers}")

  for i, line in enumerate(reader, 1):
    print(f"line {i}: {dict(zip(headers, line))}")

Output:

headers: ['name', 'score']
line 1: {'name': 'a', 'score': '10'}
line 2: {'name': 'b', 'score': '15'}