See these pages for more details about Apache Hive:
https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/GettingStarted
https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual
https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+UDF

See these pages for more details about Apache Hadoop, PostgreSQL, MySQL installation:
Install Apache Hadoop
Install PostgreSQL (database)
Install MySQL (database)

$ sudo addgroup hive
$ sudo adduser --ingroup hive hive
$ sudo usermod -a -G hadoop hive

Download Apache Hive: https://hive.apache.org/downloads.html

Extract the file "apache-hive-3.1.2-bin.tar.gz" in the folder you want to install Hive: e.g. '/opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin'

$ tar -xf ~/Downloads/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
$ chmod -R 755 /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin
$ sudo chown -R hive:hive /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin

Note: In the following sections, the environment variable ${HIVE_HOME} will refer to this location '/opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin'

$ su - hadoop

$ hdfs dfs -mkdir /hive /hive/warehouse
$ hdfs dfs -chmod -R 775 /hive
$ hdfs dfs -chown -R hive:hadoop /hive

Create postgresql database "hivemetastoredb".

$ su - postgres

$ createdb -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres --password hivemetastoredb

$ su - hive

$ vi ~/.profile

export JAVA_HOME="/opt/jdk1.8.0_172"

export HIVE_HOME="/opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin"

export HADOOP_HOME="/opt/hadoop-3.3.0"

export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:$HIVE_HOME/lib:$HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/common/lib

PATH="$JAVA_HOME/bin:$HADOOP_HOME/bin:$HIVE_HOME/bin:$PATH"

Load ".profile" environment variables:

$ source ~/.profile

Note: Use this config if you are using PostgreSQL metastore:

$ vi ${HIVE_HOME}/conf/hive-site.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="configuration.xsl"?>
<configuration>
    <property>
        <name>hive.metastore.local</name>
        <value>true</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>hive.metastore.warehouse.dir</name>
        <value>/hive/warehouse</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName</name>
        <value>org.postgresql.Driver</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL</name>
        <value>jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/hivemetastoredb</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName</name>
        <value>postgres</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword</name>
        <value>postgres</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>hive.server2.thrift.port</name>
        <value>10000</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>hive.server2.enable.doAs</name>
        <value>true</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>hive.execution.engine</name>
        <value>mr</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>hive.metastore.port</name>
        <value>9083</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>mapreduce.input.fileinputformat.input.dir.recursive</name>
        <value>true</value>
    </property>
</configuration>

Note: If you are using MySQL metastore, then use these MySQL connection properties:

<property>
    <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName</name>
    <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</value>
</property>

<property>
    <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL</name>
    <value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/hivemetastoredb?createDatabaseIfNotExist=true</value>
</property>

<property>
    <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName</name>
    <value>admin</value>
</property>

<property>
    <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword</name>
    <value>admin</value>
</property>

Edit file "hive-config.sh" and export "HADOOP_HOME" environment variable.

$ vi ${HIVE_HOME}/bin/hive-config.sh

export HADOOP_HOME="/opt/hadoop-3.3.0"
#export HADOOP_HEAPSIZE=${HADOOP_HEAPSIZE:-256}
export HADOOP_HEAPSIZE=${HADOOP_HEAPSIZE:-1024}

Create Hive schema.

$ ${HIVE_HOME}/bin/schematool -initSchema -dbType postgres

Note: You might get this error:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument(ZLjava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;)V
    at org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration.set(Configuration.java:1380)
    at org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration.set(Configuration.java:1361)
    at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf.setJar(JobConf.java:536)
    at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf.setJarByClass(JobConf.java:554)
    at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf.(JobConf.java:448)
    at org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf.initialize(HiveConf.java:5141)
    at org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf.(HiveConf.java:5104)
    at org.apache.hive.beeline.HiveSchemaTool.(HiveSchemaTool.java:96)
    at org.apache.hive.beeline.HiveSchemaTool.main(HiveSchemaTool.java:1473)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
    at org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar.run(RunJar.java:323)
    at org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar.main(RunJar.java:236)

See:
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-22915
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-22718

To fix the issue, find guava installed with hadoop and hive:

$ find /opt/hadoop-3.3.0/ -type f -name "guava-*.jar"

/opt/hadoop-3.3.0/share/hadoop/hdfs/lib/guava-27.0-jre.jar

$ find /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/ -type f -name "guava-*.jar"

/opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/lib/guava-19.0.jar

Replace Hive's guava-19.0.jar with Hadoop's guava-27.0-jre.jar:

$ mv /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/lib/guava-19.0.jar /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/lib/guava-19.0.jar.bak
$ cp /opt/hadoop-3.3.0/share/hadoop/hdfs/lib/guava-27.0-jre.jar /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/lib/

Note: To create Hive metastore database with MySQL:

$ cd ${HIVE_HOME}/scripts/metastore/upgrade/mysql/

$ mysql -h localhost -u admin -p

mysql> CREATE DATABASE hivemetastoredb;
mysql> CREATE USER 'hive'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'hive';
mysql> GRANT all on metastoredb.* to 'hive'@localhost identified by 'hive';
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> use hivemetastoredb;
mysql> source hive-schema-3.0.0.mysql.sql;

$ mkdir ~/hiveserver2log
$ cd ~/hiveserver2log

Execute "hiveserver2":

$ nohup hiveserver2 &

Execute "hive" to run hiveserver2 service:

$ nohup hive --service hiveserver2 &

Start HiveServer using custom parameters:

$ nohup hive --service hiveserver2 --hiveconf hive.server2.thrift.port=10000 --hiveconf hive.root.logger=INFO,console &

Check "nohup.out" file:

$ tail -f ~/hiveserver2log/nohup.out

Starting HiveServer2
Hive Session ID = 8db09895-1081-41ee-a2ce-a813cf37aa54
Hive Session ID = 5eb2ba61-db1a-4b97-8667-fe5ed9c221b5
Hive Session ID = 39187ac2-cc98-457a-8c80-4b1b116fe858
Hive Session ID = 533469ed-b6b9-4935-9107-bd0d782c647f

Ports Used by Hive:

HiveServer2: 10000 (hive.server2.thrift.port)

HiveServer2 Web UI: 10002 (hive.server2.webui.port)

Metastore: 9083

► HiveServer web UI: http://localhost:10002

Hive process info:

• Java virtual machine process status tool: jps
  

  $ jps -ml

  13956 org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/lib/hive-service-3.1.2.jar org.apache.hive.service.server.HiveServer2

  
  
• Display process info: ps -fp <pid> | less
  

  $ ps -fp 9299 | less

  UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
  hive      9299  8966  9 11:18 pts/3    00:00:14 /opt/jdk1.8.0_172/bin/java -Dproc_jar -Dproc_hiveserver2
  -Dlog4j.configurationFile=hive-log4j2.properties
  -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/conf/parquet-logging.properties
  -Djline.terminal=jline.UnsupportedTerminal -Dyarn.log.dir=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0/logs
  -Dyarn.log.file=hadoop.log -Dyarn.home.dir=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0
  -Dyarn.root.logger=INFO,console -Djava.library.path=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0/lib/native -Xmx1024m
  -Dhadoop.log.dir=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0/logs -Dhadoop.log.file=hadoop.log -Dhadoop.home.dir=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0
  -Dhadoop.id.str=hive -Dhadoop.root.logger=INFO,console -Dhadoop.policy.file=hadoop-policy.xml
  -Dhadoop.security.logger=INFO,NullAppender org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar
  /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/lib/hive-service-3.1.2.jar org.apache.hive.service.server.HiveServer2

  
  

Hive log files:

• Hive log files can be found in "/tmp/hive/hive.log"
  
• Hive jetty web app in "/tmp/jetty*"
  

$ ls -al /tmp/ | grep hive

drwxrwxr-x hive hive hive

drwxrwxr-x hive hive jetty-0.0.0.0-10002-hiveserver2-_-any-2412071273215690221.dir

drwxrwxr-x hive hive hadoop-unjar4204305336241959435

$ ls -al /tmp/hive

-rw-rw-r-- hive hive hive.log

$ mkdir ~/hivemetastorelog
$ cd ~/hivemetastorelog

Start Hive MetaStore:

$ nohup hive --service metastore &

Check "nohup.out" file:

$ tail -f ~/hiveserver2log/nohup.out

Starting Hive Metastore Server

Hive MetaStore process info:

• Java virtual machine process status tool: jps
  

  $ jps -ml

  14392 org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/lib/hive-metastore-3.1.2.jar org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStore

  
  
• Display process info: ps -fp <pid> | less
  

  $ ps -fp 10527 | less

  UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
  hive     10527  8966  5 11:40 pts/3    00:00:08 /opt/jdk1.8.0_172/bin/java -Dproc_jar -Dproc_metastore
  -Dlog4j.configurationFile=hive-log4j2.properties
  -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/conf/parquet-logging.properties
  -Dyarn.log.dir=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0/logs -Dyarn.log.file=hadoop.log -Dyarn.home.dir=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0
  -Dyarn.root.logger=INFO,console -Djava.library.path=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0/lib/native -Xmx1024m
  -Dhadoop.log.dir=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0/logs -Dhadoop.log.file=hadoop.log -Dhadoop.home.dir=/opt/hadoop-3.3.0
  -Dhadoop.id.str=hive -Dhadoop.root.logger=INFO,console -Dhadoop.policy.file=hadoop-policy.xml
  -Dhadoop.security.logger=INFO,NullAppender org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar
  /opt/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/lib/hive-metastore-3.1.2.jar org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStore

  
  
• Display process info: ps -aef | grep -i org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStore
  
  
• Display process info: lsof -i:9083
  See "hive.metastore.port" property setup in "${HIVE_HOME}/conf/hive-site.xml" (9083).
  

  $ lsof -i:9083

  COMMAND   PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
  java    10527 hive  484u  IPv6 438850      0t0  TCP *:9083 (LISTEN)

  
  
• Telnet Hive MetaStore server: telnet localhost 9083
  

Hive MetaStore log files:

• Hive MetaStore log files can be found in "/tmp/hive/hive.log"
  

$ hive

Launch Hive console using custom parameters:

$ hive -hiveconf hive.root.logger=DEBUG,console

Use the command exit; to quit Hive console.

Print Hive help:

$ hive -H

--hiveconf <property=value>  |  Use value for given property
--hivevar <key=value>        |  Variable substitution to apply to Hive commands. e.g. --hivevar A=B
--database <databasename>    |  Specify the database to use
 -d,--define <key=value>     |  Variable substitution to apply to Hive commands. e.g. -d A=B or --define A=B
 -e <quoted-query-string>    |  SQL from command line
 -f <filename>               |  SQL from files
 -H,--help                   |  Print help information
 -i <filename>               |  Initialization SQL file
 -S,--silent                 |  Silent mode in interactive shell
 -v,--verbose                |  Verbose mode (echo executed SQL to the console)

Some Hive commands:

hive> create database test;
hive> use test;
hive> show tables;
hive> Analyze table test compute statistics;
hive> drop database test cascade;

Using Hive commands from Linux Shell:

$ hive --database test -f test.hql

$ hive --database test -e 'show tables'

$ hive --database test -e "Drop TABLE IF EXISTS test"

Listing data of Hive HDFS directories:

$ hdfs dfs -ls hdfs://localhost:8020/hive/warehouse/

drwxr-xr-x   - hive hadoop          0 hdfs://localhost:8020/hive/warehouse/test.db

$ hdfs dfs -ls hdfs://localhost:8020/tmp/hive

drwx-wx-wx   - hive hadoop          0 hdfs://localhost:8020/tmp/hive/_resultscache_
drwx------   - hive hadoop          0 hdfs://localhost:8020/tmp/hive/hive

See this page for more details about Beeline:
https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/HiveServer2+Clients

Launch Beeline:

$ beeline

Beeline version 3.1.2 by Apache Hive
beeline>

Use the command !exit to quit Beeline.

Connect to Hive:

beeline> !connect jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000

Enter username for jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000: hive
Enter password for jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000: ****

You might get an error when you connect as hive user (you might get the same error with another user):

[main]: WARN jdbc.HiveConnection: Failed to connect to localhost:10000
Error: Could not open client transport with JDBC Uri: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000:
Failed to open new session: java.lang.RuntimeException: org.apache.hadoop.ipc.RemoteException(org.apache.hadoop.security.authorize.AuthorizationException):
User: hive is not allowed to impersonate hive (state=08S01,code=0)

To fix this error, you have to edit the file ${HADOOP_HOME}/etc/hadoop/core-site.xml and add the following:

<property>
    <name>hadoop.proxyuser.hive.groups</name>
    <value>*</value>
</property>

<property>
    <name>hadoop.proxyuser.hive.hosts</name>
    <value>*</value>
</property>

You should be able to connect to the Hive after applying the changes and restarting Hadoop:

beeline> !connect jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000

Connecting to jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000
Enter username for jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000: hive
Enter password for jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000: ****
Connected to: Apache Hive (version 3.1.2)
Driver: Hive JDBC (version 3.1.2)
Transaction isolation: TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ
0: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000>

To connect directly to a specific database:

beeline> !connect jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/test

Connecting to jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/test
Enter username for jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/test: hive
Enter password for jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/test: ****
Connected to: Apache Hive (version 3.1.2)
Driver: Hive JDBC (version 3.1.2)
Transaction isolation: TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ
0: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/test>

Show Tables:

0: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/test> show tables;

+----------------------+
|       tab_name       |
+----------------------+
| test_external_table  |
| test_internal_table  |
+----------------------+
2 rows selected (0.073 seconds)